URC2025 Q&A

Note that these are the Q&A for URC2025, and do not apply to any other year.

Have questions about the rules? Email urc@marssociety.org.

Updated 2025-04-04 

2024-09-23 New Q&A for URC2025
2024-10-13 Rover Q10 updated. Rover Q13 added.
2024-10-30 Equipment Q2 and Q3. Rover Q14.
2024-12-01 Competition Q8 added. Equipment Q2 updated. Rover Q15,16,17 added. Delivery Q2. Autonomy Q5.
2025-01-20 Rover Q10 updated. Science Q1 updated. Science Q13. Autonomy Q6.
2025-02-16 Competition Q9 added. Science Q10 updated.
2025-04-04 Delivery Q3

IMPORTANT UPDATE TO RULE 3.a.i: WE WILL NO LONGER BE ALLOWING MOBILE DEPLOYABLE DEVICES IN THE DELIVERY MISSION. WE APOLOGIZE FOR ANY INCONVENIENCE THIS MAY CAUSE. MOBILE DEPLOYABLES / MINI-ROVERS MAY STILL BE USED IN THE OTHER MISSIONS.

Competition Questions

[1.Q] Can teams ask questions?
[1.A] Yes. Questions and answers are added to the Q&A. See the contact page if you have any questions.  

[2.Q] Are there videos of rovers completing the tasks?
[2.A] The judges do not plan on making videos of the updated tasks or the infrastructure, but many videos of past competitions are available online. These are a good source of information on previous tasks and rovers. 

[3.Q] Will there be any help with visa procedures for international teams?
[3.A] There is no direct assistance with the visa process, although URC will provide a letter of support upon request. Early application is advised for as many team members as possible. Letters of support will be issued on request after a team is registered. 

[4.Q] When will we know our schedule? Is there a set order of the tasks?
[4.A] You will be given your exact schedule approximately one week prior to the first day of the field competition. The order of tasks will be different for each team and is the luck of the draw.

[5.Q] Different regions pay different taxes which puts regions with higher taxes at a financial disadvantage, with respect to the $22,000 budget cap.
[5.A] These are just some of many region-specific pricing factors such as raw materials, labor costs, and exchange rates. Few teams get close to fielding a $22,000 rover and the correlation between budget and score is extremely weak with a huge standard deviation. We will review the budget rules if in the future they do appear to become an important factor in the success of teams at URC.

[6.Q] If an item that is on sale at a discount to only students from our country, can we use that price in our budget, or do we need to use the price that would be available to all teams?
[6.A] This is another region-specific pricing factor. You may use the student price even if only available to students from your country, provided that it is available at that price to any student from your country, not just your university. 

[7.Q] We're planning on building prototype rovers.  Do all or just one rover count towards the $22K limit?
[7.A] As per rule 2.e.iv prototypes and spare parts do not count towards the $22K limit. The limit applies to whatever you field in competition, including the base station. 

[8.Q] Are there any conditions on the sponsorship with ProtoSpace?
[8.A] No. You can start working with them as soon as you like. Contact info@protocase.com to be connected with a designated account manager.

[9.Q] We have $2,000 worth of protocase parts from last year on our rover and we were wondering if they are still excluded from the $22,000 rover budget in addition to this year's protocase sponsorship?
[9.A] No, you can't claim both last years $2K worth of Protocase parts and this years $2K worth as exemptions from the budget. You can only claim a total of $2000 worth of Protocase parts for the exemption. The remainder will need to be included in the $22K cap.

Rover Questions

[1.Q] Can we make changes to the rover after the PDR/SAR or during the competition? 
[1.A] For an actual mission you would be expected to freeze the design after the SAR. However, for URC you may make changes to your rover at any point. During the field competition you will have to watch your weight and budget limits, (such as the replacement of a faulty camera or GNSS unit with a $1000 smartphone). During a mission you may have an intervention at a 20% penalty, where the aim is to allow you to fix a broken rover if you need to, not to swap out modular components. 

[2.Q] What are the penalties for exceeding the 70 kg total limit or are there only penalties for exceeding the 50 kg single configuration limit? Are there penalties for exceeding the $22K cost limit?
[2.A] The 70 kg total mass and $22K are strict limits. In an actual space program you will typically be given strict weight, size, and budget limits, and short of exceptional circumstances will be expected to stick to it. If you rover is over 70 kg you will have to discard parts, drill holes, or whatever it takes until your rover is under the limit. 

[3.Q] Is a magnetometer allowed for navigation? We designed our navigation system using a magnetometer, then realized the magnetic field on Mars is not sufficient to use on an actual Mars Rover.
[3.A] Yes, even though they are not analogous to operations on Mars, it would be difficult for us to verify that teams aren't using a digital compass or magnetometer. 

[4.Q] Can we include a microphone on the rover? Listening to rover's sounds, not just relying on sensor data, during tasks is great help for operator to determine if everything is working correctly.
[4.A] Yes, microphones are permitted on the rover. Judges monitor conversations and actions that occur near the rover. Spectators are not allowed to provide commentary or other feedback to the operators and should take care not to do so, even if there is not a microphone onboard.

[5.Q] Is it permissible to utilize a satellite internet provider, such as Starlink in order to achieve a data connection with the robot?
[5.A] No, but we will consider changing this in future if there is enough interest. While we do grant GNSS, we currently consider use of a satellite relay to be not quite in the spirit of the competition. However, the rover may deploy a local transponder in the field which we strongly encourage. 

[6.Q] We have amateur radio operator licenses and would like to use 2.4GHz band with high power, but high power is only allowed in the range 2.39-2.45 GHz (channels 1-6). Would we be permitted to only use channels 1-6?
[6.A] Yes, but please don’t. If you want to use licensed high power operation you should consider using the amateur bands outside of the popular 2.4GHz wifi and 900MHz RC bands. There are plenty to choose from if you have a license.

[7.Q] We have a 2.4GHz transceiver we'd like to use that is frequency hopping and can be confined to bandwidth 28MHz centered on what would be channels 1.5, 7, and 12.5. Is this in violation of the rules? If not, do you know of any 2.4GHz or 900MHz frequency hopping transmitters that are compliant? 
[7.A] This is no longer in violation of the URC rules, and frequency hopping is an excellent choice for interference tolerant systems. We do not provide guidance or recommendations on specific products since sourcing parts is a critical aspect of the design and build process.

[8.Q] We are not sure if the specific frequencies and power levels we are considering in the 5 GHz band are allowed. Where can we find the FCC regulations for specific frequency bands? 
[8.A] Teams must also ensure they are complying with all applicable regulations of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC).  In particular (but not exclusively), teams should pay attention to "Part 15" regulations: Code of Federal Regulations Title 47: Telecommunication, Chapter 1, Subchapter A, Part 15: Radio Frequency Devices. Subpart C: Intentional Radiators, provides details regarding specific frequency bands and their applicable regulations. This is particularly important for teams considering using the 5 GHz band, because while 5+ GHz is not specifically regulated by URC, the FCC regulations here can be confusing.  Do not assume that just because you can buy equipment, you can legally operate the equipment.  Verify the specific frequencies and power levels you will use in the FCC Part 15 regulations.  Note that some frequencies in the 5 GHz range are covered by more than one section of the regulations.

[9.Q] Can you tell us what power levels are acceptable without a ham radio license? We don't think we'll be able to get one before the competition and want to check if our radio will be legal. 
[9.A] See Rover Q8 above where you can find the regulations. Many websites and organizations such as ARRL also have this information in more readable formats. As part of the competition and educational experience we believe it is important for teams to find out where to find this information themselves. For anyone with a background in electronics or physics, a ham radio license is very easy to obtain in just a few weeks. The US has agreements with many countries to allow foreign amateur licensees to operate in the US, and foreign nationals may also obtain a US license. We strongly encourage teams to learn more about radio systems and obtain a license to operate them.

[10.Q] Can we use a drone in missions other than the Delivery Mission?  Can we buy an off-the-shelf drone?
[10.A] For 2025 drones can only be used in the Delivery mission. In all other missions you may use a mini-rover, but not a drone. You may buy an off-the-shelf drone, and any other equipment for that matter. We certainly encourage customizing and self-built equipment, but there is nothing in any of the rules requiring it for any components/systems. 

[11.Q] Can we use publicly available LIDAR datasets of the terrain of the Mars Society’s Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) to help inform our algorithms? 
[11.A] Yes. You may use any LIDAR data, photographs, maps, that you can find. We'll post a link to at least one LIDAR dataset on the resources page.

[12.Q] Can we use a Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) with our RTK GNSS system? 
[12.A] You will not have an internet connection in the field and we do not currently allow satellite internet, so you will need to set up your own GNSS base station to do differential GPS. 

[13.Q] Can we use a pneumatic system if it uses air supplied by a tank?  Can we use a compressor or vacuum pump?
[13.A] While rule 3.a.iv says air breathing systems are not allowed this is due to the low atmospheric pressure on Mars. If the air/gas needed for the system is supplied by a tank, the system will be acceptable.  For any system that does use ambient air, we will consider making an exception to the rule if you can prove to us that it would be feasible on Mars. We suggest you do this as far ahead of the competition as possible so the judges have time to properly investigate claims of viability on Mars, before allowing any such systems. 

[14.Q] Can we steer the antenna using a signal sent from the base station?
[14.A] Yes. Teams may use any data from the rover to reorient any antennae, or manually steer them using a signal from the C2 station (not physically by hand). Teams may not place a camera outside the C2 station for that purpose, unless it is deployed in the field by the rover. 

[15.Q] If we have multiple batteries and systems on the rover can we use multiple emergency-stop buttons?
[15.A] No. All systems on the rover must have the power switched off by a single E-stop. 

[16.Q] We are considering deployable devices such as a radio relay and a mini-rover. Do they need their own emergency-stop button?
[16.A] Any mobile deployables such as a mini-rover require an E-stop. A fuse will suffice for any devices that cannot move on their own. 

[17.Q] Can the rover deploy a communications repeater which is tethered to the rover but communicates wirelessly with the base station?
[17.A] Yes. The restriction on wired communication in rule 3.a.i applies between the C2 station and the rover/drone. Any deployable devices may use tethered communications with the rover. 

Science Mission Questions

[1.Q] What is the difference between the science plan in the SAR (rule 2.a.iii) and the one submitted in May (rule 1.b.i)? 
[1.A] These are two different versions of your science plan you'll need to submit. For the SAR we expect about 1 page in the report and some time in the video. In May we'll expect much more detail (~5 pages) and also explain the background science. This version of the science plan will count towards your score in the Science Mission.  

[2.Q] What is meant by life detection instrumentation or assay?
[2.A]. Life detection in this case means searching for evidence of life i.e. bio-molecules. Instruments or analysis does not need to be expensive or sophisticated but does need to search for biological components (i.e. life).

[3.Q] Detailed spectral analysis is an option that increases the budget of the rover to a level that may not be feasible. Otherwise our only option is to purchase an inexpensive digital microscope and try to image bacteria with that. However, to find naturally occurring cyanobacteria with this method would be nearly impossible.
[3.A] There are more options than a spectrometer and digital microscope: Regarding the cost of various tools and sensors, this is one of many trade-offs that teams are required to make as part of their design process. A science instrument could be designed and built for around one hundred U.S. dollars up to a few thousand. The science capability of choice on-board the rover is just that: the team’s choice, and does not need to be expensive.

[4.Q] What resolution of life detection is required, given that creating truly sterile condition on Earth is almost impossible?
[4.A] This is up to the team to determine and justify, based on knowledge of life on Earth, potential on Mars, and capabilities or limitations of life-detection instrument design.

[5.Q] We learned that a team used a specific chemical at URC2024. Will we be allowed to use this same chemical at URC this coming year?
[5.A] The most important thing to note is that we don't approve chemicals, we approve comprehensive chemical safety plans. That means being able to document that you have a plan for transportation/storage/use/disposal of each chemical you're planning to use. Anything in excess of the US DOT limits is definitely not allowed. Any chemicals under the US DOT limits or not covered by them requires a plan and permission from the science judges. For more details see the Science Plan page. While we do look at the concentration of chemicals, the overwhelming majority of corrections required in teams' chemical safety plans last year dealt with the other safety aspects of tracking a chemical "cradle to grave".

[6.Q] Are there clearly marked sites (with a specific number of labeled sites) for acquiring a sample or do we decide where/how many sites we analyze for signs of life? Is all soil collection from the ground or will there be samples on trays too?
[6.A] No. The overall Science Mission site will be clearly marked, but the individual sample sites will not be marked since the exact sample to be collected is decided by the team. The soil is in-situ and natural with no samples in or on a tray.

[7.Q] Are the sites all loose soil/regolith or will there be rocks/pebbles to observe for bio‑signatures? How hard is the soil?
[7.A] Teams are expected to investigate soil and sub-surface samples. The terrain is quite variable over short distances and you should expect a range from reasonably easy to very hard and difficult to excavate. There is not a caliche surface at the science site and the NRCS soil profile for the MDRS area may help.

[8.Q] Do soil temperature/moisture measurements need to be taken of the 5g sample or are they taken in the hole where the sample was dug?
[8.A] The soil temperature and soil moisture should be taken in-situ. Teams should have an understanding of the intent of this data, and how to collect it in a way that supports the overall mission.

[9.Q] What does “distinguish” mean in reference to soil depth (1.b.vii.)? Is a line on a ruler enough? Does the sample need to be completely separate?
[9.A] A line on a ruler is good enough to establish depth. Separation of the sample is also acceptable. The exact method of distinguishing the topsoil from the soil beneath is up to the team.

[10.Q] Is it preferred to perform life detection on the 5g sub-surface sample we collect? Can the cached sample contain chemicals from onboard tests? If we collect multiple samples, do all of them need to be returned in a sealed cache? What level of cross-contamination prevention is expected/accepted, such as cleaning the collection system between sites?
[10.A] The team must justify the science rationale of the rover payload (including the life detection capability) for the sample they have chosen to analyze.  Multiple samples may be collected but only one sample is required to be collected and cached. It is acceptable to give judges a cache which has had tests performed on it such as water or chemicals added. It does not need to be a pristine sub-surface sample that is cached. Cross contamination should obviously be minimized, but the team needs to justify their level of cleanliness or lack thereof.

[11.Q] Will we need an accurate scale or is this an estimation of length and height of the outcrop? We assume that the cardinal directions will be inserted via a computer program.
[11.A] Yes, teams need to provide an accurate scale bar on images within the presentation, and will need to decide how the cardinal direction is shown in the image. URC Judges provide no direction or support regarding how these are accomplished.

[12.Q] By stratigraphic profile are you expecting a stratigraphic column image or just a general description of each layer with an estimate of measurements? Will the judges direct the teams on which hillside to determine the stratigraphic profile?
[12.A] We expect a stratigraphic profile showing the stratigraphic column in an image taken by cameras on-board the rover. Teams should research details on a stratigraphic profile and of the MDRS area. Yes, judges will direct teams as to which hillside to use for the stratigraphic profile.

[13.Q] Can the cache be sealed by the rover, then open for a brief time while being removed from the rover and re-sealed by team member?
[13.A] No. This would be consider as closed by a person, not the rover. 

Delivery Mission Questions

[1.Q] For estimation of power consumption/torque, how large a drop and how steep a slope can we expect?
[1.A] We suggest you find some videos online of previous competitions. The course will feature a range of natural terrain at increasing levels of difficulty, from flat to steep slopes with loose soil, and even vertical faces. Teams will need to make their own decisions on compromises between capability in this and other tasks, weight, durability, complexity, cost, etc.

[2.Q] What are the rules for using a mini-rover in the Delivery Mission?
[2.A] Contrary to rule 3.a.i. we will not be able to allow the use of any mobile deployable devices such as a mini-rover in the Delivery Mission this year, with the exception of a drone. We apologize if impacts your designs. Non-mobile deployables will still be allowed. 

[3.Q] Do we need 25m of cable for drone operations as well as rover operations? Can the drone operator stand outside of the metal enclosed command and control station?
[3.A] Yes you need 25m of cable for both drone and rover operations. Operators of both the drone and rover must be inside the command station with no view of the course, so also may not be standing right next to the door or window. You will need to run your controller/video wires to an antenna(s) that you can mount outside. As explained in rule 3.b.iv at the Hab site there are other structures around that may block your radio signals so you may need to place the antenna further away from the command station than at other sites, hence the requirement you bring at least 25m of communications cable. 

Equipment Servicing Mission Questions

[1.Q] Are there more details on the equipment that needs servicing?  
[1.A] Specific details are intentionally not given to encourage flexibility in design, but online videos show past tasks. Our basic design criterion is that all tasks should be reasonably performed by an astronaut using a single gloved hand. Tasks will range from easy to ones that push the boundaries of what is easy-for-humans but hard-for-robots!

[2.Q] For autonomous typing, can we manually align in front of a certain key or keys and perhaps press it/them, before we begin the autonomy mode? Are we allowed to touch the non-key parts of the keyboard or surrounding area such as the screen while operating manually before switching to autonomous mode? Are there any fiducial markers near the keyboard?
[2.A] The rover may be manually aligned with the letter Q, but is expected not to press it. Any pressed keys will incur a small penalty (probably one typed letter worth), and after entering autonomous mode the rover must delete it or suffer another penalty (probably a second letter worth). After aligning with the letter Q, the rover is expected to enter autonomous mode, and not be manually aligned with any other keys. While in manual control touching any part of the keyboard will be penalized. Please don't touch the screen: It is delicate and rovers are not! You may manually touch the surrounding metal areas of the lander. There are no fiducial markers near the keyboard. The keyboard itself should act as a fiducial. 

[3.Q] Will the display for the launch key input be similar to the typing task in previous years?  Will the keyboard be configured so key repeat is off if held down for too long?
[3.A] It will be the same 4/3" e-paper display and keyboard (linked in rules) as previously. Keys will not repeat a letter if held down (i.e no auto-repeat, but will if released and pressed again). 

Autonomous Navigation Mission Questions

[1.Q] Is there a penalty for hitting a post/object? 
[1.A] There is no penalty for hitting anything. However, it is fairly common for a rover to get a wheel caught on the post, which is something that teams will obviously want to avoid, so the ability to stop short of a post is highly recommended.

[2.Q] Is communication from a computer in the base station to the rover permissible as long as there is no human intervention? For example, could the base station computer handle some of the calculations required for autonomy?
[2.A] Yes, this is allowed, but there may be no human assistance while autonomously driving. 

[3.Q] Are there any specifications on the LED array to make it visible in bright daylight?
[3.A] No, teams should verify this for themselves. We suggest use of a sunshade to block direct sunlight, but you may use any array, high power LED or other light you chose to purchase or build. Just make sure it is clearly visible for anyone following the rover to know what state the rover is in.

[4.Q] Rule 1.f.ii  says there will be a starting post with a high accuracy GNSS coordinate. Can we place our base pole there for use with a RTK setup?
[4.A] No. There is only one start post (as shown in 1.f.iv) and we can't let multiple teams set up their antenna/etc in the same spot. You may go and take GNSS readings at the start post during your setup time.

[5.Q] What are rules for the use a second mini-rover in the autonomy? If they reach different goals, could we score points for both?
[5.A] As in rule 3.a.i a single platform must leave the start gate but you may deploy one rover from the other. The same rules will apply to the deployed rover as the main rover. Main and secondary rovers may act independently and attempt different goals simultaneously.
Rules if both attempt the same goal in cooperation:
i) Only 1 rover needs to reach the goal, and both may start the next goal from wherever they are.
ii) When 1 rover reaches the goal both may stop and be reprogrammed as desired before moving again.
iii) If an abort is called the rovers will be considered to be acting independently and may be individually returned to previous locations before restarting. I.e. you can abort one rover but not the other. While you may reprogram the aborted rover once it has returned, you may not stop and reprogram the other rover unless you pick a different goal for them to cooperate on or it too returns to a previous location.

[6.Q] Can we reprogram the rover after arriving at the GNSS location for an AR marker before starting the search for it?
[6.A] In rule 1.f.ix  an "arrival" is defined as when the rover believes it has arrived at an objective location (GNSS coordinate for the GNSS-only locations, or the AR tags for the posts, or the objects), signaled by flashing its LED green. Interfering with the rover during autonomous operation, including when it reaches the GNSS hint provided for the AR tags or objects (Section 1.f.iv) will count as an abort and you will need to return to a previous location before resuming autonomous operation (rule 1.f.viii). In summary you may only do reprogramming when the rover is stopped immediately after the LED flashing green, or you are aborting an attempt.